Espanola caribbean -

 
Historical Map of North America & the Caribbean (15 August 1511 - Spanish expansion in the Caribbean: Following their colonization of Puerto Rico (1508), the Spanish began the settlement of the other two large islands neighboring Hispaniola: Santiago (Jamaica) in 1509 and Cuba in 1511. Meanwhile, in 1510, Spanish attempts on the mainland ... . Different types of instruments

Pico Duarte is the highest point in the Dominican Republic, the island of Hispaniola, and the entire Caribbean.. This article comprises three sortable tables of major mountain peaks of the islands of the Caribbean Sea.. The summit of a mountain or hill may be measured in three principal ways: . The topographic elevation of a summit measures the height of the …The Spaniards exploited the island’s gold mines and reduced the Taíno to slavery. Within twenty-five years of Columbus’ arrival in Haiti, most of the Taíno had died from enslavement, massacre, or disease. By 1514, only 32,000 Taíno survived in Hispaniola. ~Russell Schimmer, GSP, Yale University. Maps of Hispaniola, 1492-1754. May 23, 2017 · The Tainos inhabited several Caribbean island chains – the Bahamas, Virgin Islands, Greater Antilles (Cuba, Jamaica Hispaniola [modern Haiti and the Dominican Republic], and Puerto Rico). The Tainos had developed a highly complex society c. 500AD with vilages of at least 2,000 inhabitants, built around ball courts and public structures. Santo Domingo. We have an expert-written solution to this problem! Comida criolla is a blend of Spanish and indigenous foods and is eaten in the three Spanish-speaking countries in the Caribbean. True. False. True. The alcázar in Santo Domingo is a result of the indigenous culture of the Dominican Republic. True.The chiefdoms of Hispaniola ( cacicazgo in Spanish) were the primary political units …Savor the delicious flavors of Spain at Barullo Taberna Española, located in DISTRITO T-Mobile in San Juan. Treat yourself to the finest tapas and cocktails at La Barra, and relish in the mouth-watering paella and fideuá at the Arrocería.If you’re looking for an adventure-packed cruise experience, then Royal Caribbean is the perfect choice. With a wide variety of excursions to choose from, you can explore exotic de...One of the main consequences of the invasion of the New World was the genocide of the Taino on Espanola. Estimates of the native population of Espanola before 1492 vary greatly. Bartholomew de Las Casas assessed the numbers of Taino living on the island to as high as 3 million. Other less trustworthy sources put the population ca. 1492 at one ... INFORM Risk Index 2024 is out. Get it now! INFORM is a multi-stakeholder forum for developing shared, quantitative analysis relevant to humanitarian crises and disasters. INFORM includes organisations from across the multilateral system, including the humanitarian and development sector, donors, and technical partners.Hispaniola is an island in the Caribbean Sea. It is the second largest island (after Cuba) …The Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) was an intermittent conflict between the Habsburg Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of England that was never formally declared. [4] It began with England's military expedition in 1585 to what was then the Spanish Netherlands under the command of the Earl of Leicester, in support of the Dutch rebellion against ...Most historians still recognize the explorer’s courage, determination, and navigational skills. For many, however, the view of Columbus as hero has now been replaced by one of a man deeply flawed. (1451–1506). On the morning of October 12, 1492, Christopher Columbus stepped ashore on an island in what has since become known as the Americas. Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808) Anglo-Spanish War. Part of the Anglo-Spanish Wars and the Coalition Wars. The Battle of Trafalgar by J. M. W. Turner (oil on canvas, 1822–24) Date. August 1796 – March 1802, May 1804 – July 1808. Location. English Channel, Straits of Gibraltar, Balearic Islands, Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Viceroyalty of ...Columbus sailed on his first voyage with three ships and about 100 men, landing in the Bahamas on an island whose identity remains uncertain. After exploring the Bahamas and Cuba, he reached the island he named La Isla Español (Hispaniola). When the Santa Maria became grounded, he ordered a small fort to be built with its salvaged lumber ...The Tainos inhabited several Caribbean island chains – the Bahamas, Virgin Islands, Greater Antilles (Cuba, Jamaica Hispaniola [modern Haiti and the Dominican Republic], and Puerto Rico). The Tainos had developed a highly complex society c. 500AD with vilages of at least 2,000 inhabitants, built around ball courts and public structures.Geography. Hispaniola, originally known as Española, is the second largest island in the West Indies, lying within the Greater Antilles.It is politically divided into the Republic of Haiti in the west and the Dominican Republic in the east. The island's area is 29,418 square miles (76,192 square km); with its greatest length at nearly 400 miles (650 km) long, and a …step 2. In a frying pan, heat Extra-Virgin Olive Oil (3/4 cup). Add potato and onion mixture. Cook for 18-20 minutes, stirring occasionally, until potatoes are tender. Remove with a slotted spoon and transfer to a clean mixing bowl. step 3. In a mixing jug, add Farmhouse Eggs® Large Brown Eggs (6) and Salt (1/2 tsp).Of these 20 peaks, three are located in Cuba, two in the Dominican Republic, two in Haiti, two in Trinidad and Tobago, and one each in Guadeloupe, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Granada, the British Virgin Islands, Martinique, Dominica, Montserrat, and Saint Lucia. Description Española Island Tour. Duration: 8 hours aprox. Departure Time: 7am. Meeting Point: Puerto Baquerizo Moreno (San Cristóbal) 2h Treking in Española Island. Bird watching: the Galapagos Albatros is the most famous endemic specie on the island, but you will also find Blue Footed Boobies, hawks, finches among other bird species. Hispaniola is an island in the Caribbean Sea. It is the second largest island (after Cuba) …The Spanish West Indies or the Spanish Antilles (also known as "Las Antillas Occidentales " or simply "Las Antillas Españolas " in Spanish) were Spanish colonies in the Caribbean. In terms of governance of the Spanish Empire, The Indies was the designation for all its overseas territories and was overseen by the Council of the Indies, founded ... Barullo Taberna Española offers a culinary experience with Spanish roots, within a space that pays tribute to the Mercado San Miguel of Madrid. Barullo.A ilha de Guam, um pequeno ponto no inmenso Océano Pacífico, junta o exotismo natural, tradições milenarias e outros signos de identidade unicos, mas na recente Feira MITT de Moscovo sobresaiu por ser o unico territorio estadounidense presente na trascendental bolsa turistica da capital russa. Apesar dessa estranha circunstancia, Mark Manglana, o …The Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) was an intermittent conflict between the Habsburg Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of England that was never formally declared. [4] It began with England's military expedition in 1585 to what was then the Spanish Netherlands under the command of the Earl of Leicester, in support of the Dutch rebellion against ...An album of music inspired by the song of endangered birds with 100% of the profits going towards organisations working to protect them. "A Guide to the Birdsong of Mexico, Central America & the Caribbean” is the second Volume in the series following on from "A Guide to the Birdsong of South America", originally released on Robin's label ... West Indies - Decolonization, Islands, Caribbean: Radical change in the social position of nonwhites has depended less upon emancipation than on decolonization. Having liberated themselves in 1804, the Haitians in the early 1820s invaded Santo Domingo and incorporated the former, almost forgotten Spanish colony into a Hispaniola-wide Haiti. In …Jan 19, 2017 ... Traducción Española (442.96 KB). Under the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT), states parties are obliged to establish and maintain an effective ...Nov 21, 2023 · Duarte Peak in the Dominican Republic is the highest in the Caribbean at 10,417 feet. The island was named Hispaniola (La Isla Hispaniola -- Little Island of Spain) by Christopher Columbus, who ... Puerto Rico offers a stunning Caribbean experience: With its beautiful beaches, tropical climate, and vibrant culture, Puerto Rico is a popular destination for tourists from around the world. Dorado Beach, a Ritz-Carlton Reserve is a top-notch resort: This luxurious resort boasts stunning ocean views, top-rated golf courses, and …The Caribbean Islands are a dream destination for many travelers around the world. With their stunning beaches, crystal-clear waters, and vibrant cultures, it’s no wonder why they ...Historical Map of North America & the Caribbean (15 August 1511 - Spanish expansion in the Caribbean: Following their colonization of Puerto Rico (1508), the Spanish began the settlement of the other two large islands neighboring Hispaniola: Santiago (Jamaica) in 1509 and Cuba in 1511. Meanwhile, in 1510, Spanish attempts on the mainland ... Espanola. The island was the jumping off point for much of the exploration of the Gulf and Caribbean. As a result the number of ship losses around this island alone, beginning with the famous loss of Columbus’ Santa Maria in 1492, is over 30. Santa Maria (1492) Mariagalante & Gallega (1494) San Juan, Cardera & 4 ships of Juan de Aguado (1495) The Caribbean region is home to a diverse Spanish-speaking population with as much variation in the language as its people Learn all about the different countries in the Caribbean that speak Spanish—and the unique accents, vocabulary, and expressions that characterize español caribeño The chiefdoms of Hispaniola ( cacicazgo in Spanish) were the primary political units …Apr 1, 2013 · On Christmas Day 1521, in the Spanish colony of Santo Domingo, the first recorded slave revolt in the Americas occurred. A group of African, likely Wolof, slaves came together with native Indians led by the Taíno cacique Enriquillo to assert their independence. Beyond being the first slave revolt in the Americas, it was also one of the most important moments in Colonial American history ... The Caribbean islands became less central to Spain's overseas colonization, but remained important strategically and economically, especially the islands of Cuba and Hispaniola. Smaller islands claimed by Spain were lost to the English and the Dutch, with France taking half of Hispaniola and establishing the sugar-producing colony of St ...When Columbus later returns to the Western Hemisphere, in what condition does he discover the new Spanish settlements? To grant him the authority of both admiral and governor of the islands. What favor did Columbus initially ask of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella on an earlier expedition prior to his letter concerning his fourth voyage? Treason. Upgrade your home furniture at Importadora Espanola today! Visit us. Photo by ... Caribbean Cabinet. Follow. orquideanegrapr. Orquídea Negra. Follow. lo ...Cruceros a España, Portugal y las Islas Canarias. RESERVA AHORA. Observa la arquitectura clásica, haz sociales en bares de última moda o escala un imponente volcán. Situados en la esquina sudoeste de Europa, los países de la Península Ibérica albergan diversas riquezas culturales y una gran variedad de opciones para explorar al aire libre.A Associação para o Desenvolvimento Imobiliário e Turístico do Nordeste Brasileiro (ADIT Nordeste) e o Ministério do Turismo participarão em Madri da Feira Internacional do Turismo (Fitur) de 28 de janeiro a 01 de fevereiro. A temporada na capital espanhola colocará em pauta o plano de ações para o ano de 2009 que será discutido entre a …Dec 6, 2023 · Hispaniola was the first point of long-term contact between the cultures of Europe, America, and Africa. The visual and material culture, such as paintings of Marian miracles, helped people stake territorial and identity claims. More research is needed to bring to light the production and reception of art by Amerindians, Africans, and mixed ... Este discute términos de trabajos literarios y sus lecturas, la base de un sistema de casta. Española, inmigración Africana, y aspectos políticos y económicos ...African Historian, Robin Walker, describes Mansa Musa as one of the most colourful west african personalities in history. Mansa Musa completed Hajj, an Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca ( img ), with 60,000 men, caravans of gold and 12,000 slaves, 500 in front of each horse, each carrying a golden shaft which weighed 3kg.Mar 27, 2023 · He has published Atlantic Africa and the Spanish Caribbean, 1570–1640 (2016), and has co-edited, with Alex Borucki and David Eltis, From the galleons to the highlands: slave trade routes in the Spanish Americas (2020), and with Ida Altman, The Spanish Caribbean and the Atlantic world in the long sixteenth century (2019). His work has been ... The Caribbean region is home to a diverse Spanish-speaking population with as much variation in the language as its people Learn all about the different countries in the Caribbean that speak Spanish—and the unique accents, vocabulary, and expressions that characterize español caribeño.Discover over 130 Hispaniola bird species, from the deep blue Chinchilín to the vibrant yellow Canario de Manglar. A tropical spectacle not to miss! Set Sail for Saona Island A paradise of white sand beaches, bright-turquoise …La especialidad de este bello destino, por su riqueza arqueológica, es Historia y Cultura; sin embargo, por estar situado en plena costa colombiana, ofrece a los visitantes una riqueza paisajística biodiversa inigualable, con grandes potencialidades y atractivos para el turismo de naturaleza y aventura. Hispaniola Island in the West Indies, in the n central Caribbean Sea, …The Caribbean islands became less central to Spain's overseas colonization, but remained important strategically and economically, especially the islands of Cuba and Hispaniola. Smaller islands claimed by Spain were lost to the English and the Dutch, with France taking half of Hispaniola and establishing the sugar-producing colony of St ... A ilha de Guam, um pequeno ponto no inmenso Océano Pacífico, junta o exotismo natural, tradições milenarias e outros signos de identidade unicos, mas na recente Feira MITT de Moscovo sobresaiu por ser o unico territorio estadounidense presente na trascendental bolsa turistica da capital russa. Apesar dessa estranha circunstancia, Mark Manglana, o …Disclaimer: Information about specific Caribbean hotels including pricing and availability is subject to change at any time. Government taxes and fees may apply to hotel rates, and varies by country. A minimum stay and/or a damage deposit may be required for some hotels and/or timeshare properties, especially during the high season and holidays. Digital Download9.99. In the Dominican Republic, syncretism between African traditions and Catholicism often manifests itself in songs and rituals. On this album "Sarandunga," a celebration that honors St. John the …Is your wallet feeling a little lighter — but you’re still in need of some R&R? Are you itching to take a vacation, but don’t want to break the bank? There are plenty of ways to sa...Two angels float above the Virgin and carry the insignia of the Dominican …Apr 1, 2013 · On Christmas Day 1521, in the Spanish colony of Santo Domingo, the first recorded slave revolt in the Americas occurred. A group of African, likely Wolof, slaves came together with native Indians led by the Taíno cacique Enriquillo to assert their independence. Beyond being the first slave revolt in the Americas, it was also one of the most important moments in Colonial American history ... Cuba apresentou suas ofertas no Dive Travel Show 2015, a principal feira internacional de mergulho e turismo sustentável da Espanha, informaram tour-operadores vinculados ao setor. Na cita que tem por sede o Pavilhão de Cristal do Sítio de Madri estão representados centros de mergulho, escritórios de turismo, empresas de material de mergulho, escolas …Nov 21, 2023 · Duarte Peak in the Dominican Republic is the highest in the Caribbean at 10,417 feet. The island was named Hispaniola (La Isla Hispaniola -- Little Island of Spain) by Christopher Columbus, who ... INFORM Risk Index 2024 is out. Get it now! INFORM is a multi-stakeholder forum for developing shared, quantitative analysis relevant to humanitarian crises and disasters. INFORM includes organisations from across the multilateral system, including the humanitarian and development sector, donors, and technical partners.Before establishing mainland colonies, Spain first settled the larger Caribbean islands--Española, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and Cuba. In 1508, Juan Ponce de León re-explored Puerto Rico and within a year obtained a patent for the conquest and settlement of the island. In 1511, ...Columbus sailed on his first voyage with three ships and about 100 men, landing in the Bahamas on an island whose identity remains uncertain. After exploring the Bahamas and Cuba, he reached the island he named La Isla Español (Hispaniola). When the Santa Maria became grounded, he ordered a small fort to be built with its salvaged lumber ... A Caribbean identity refers to the qualities, beliefs and culture common to the geographic area known as the Caribbean. One key aspect of a Caribbean identity is the shared history...West Indies - Decolonization, Islands, Caribbean: Radical change in the social position of nonwhites has depended less upon emancipation than on decolonization. Having liberated themselves in 1804, the Haitians in the early 1820s invaded Santo Domingo and incorporated the former, almost forgotten Spanish colony into a Hispaniola-wide Haiti. In …A Oasis Hotels & Resorts, do grupo espanhol Globalia, quer reforçar sua posição e tem iniciado um processo de expansão com o objetivo de chegar em breve aos 100 estabelecimentos urbanos, de lazer e clubes. Carlos López, diretor de Operações, explica os detalhes à Caribbean News Digital."A empresa hoteleira do Grupo Globália conta …The island of Hispaniola is the second largest island in the Caribbean and part of the Great Antilles. The island is now divided into two separate nations ...An album of music inspired by the song of endangered birds with 100% of the profits going towards organisations working to protect them. "A Guide to the Birdsong of Mexico, Central America & the Caribbean” is the second Volume in the series following on from "A Guide to the Birdsong of South America", originally released on Robin's label ... Curacao. #13 in Best Places to Visit in the Caribbean for 2023-2024. As one of the ABC islands (along with Aruba and Bonaire), Curaçao sits outside the hurricane belt, meaning you'll find sunny ...Toda a história e estatísticas da Segunda Divisão Espanhola, uma competição de Clubes de Futebol em Espanha com periodicida. Descubra tudo sobre os Próximos Jogos, Resultados, Classificação, Estatísticas, Melhores Marcadores, História, Notícias, Vídeos e …Most historians still recognize the explorer’s courage, determination, and navigational skills. For many, however, the view of Columbus as hero has now been replaced by one of a man deeply flawed. (1451–1506). On the morning of October 12, 1492, Christopher Columbus stepped ashore on an island in what has since become known as the Americas. Open for breakfast eggs benefit, shskshuka, tortilla española, fry cake with you topical breast and the best view to salsa surf. #breakfast #caribbean #salsabravasurf #poettoviejo #wolaba....An album of music inspired by the song of endangered birds with 100% of the profits going towards organisations working to protect them. "A Guide to the Birdsong of Mexico, Central America & the Caribbean” is the second Volume in the series following on from "A Guide to the Birdsong of South America", originally released on Robin's label ...6) Tortilla Española. Photo by Envato Elements. The Tortilla Española is among the most commonly eaten Spanish dishes. Also known as a Spanish omelet, this is a filling and delicious egg dish. By combining the eggs with potatoes and onions, you get a filling and satisfying meal.Hispaniola. The island of Hispaniola forms a part of the Greater Antilles group of islands in the Caribbean Sea. Covering a total area of about 76,192 km 2, Hispaniola is the second-largest and the …The 76,192 km2 island is divided in two sovereign nations, the Spanish-speaking Dominican Republic (48,442 km2) and the French-Creole-speaking Haiti (27,750 km2). Hispaniola is the site of the first European settlement in the Americas, founded by Christopher Columbus on his voyages since 1492, when he discovered “the new world”.Most historians still recognize the explorer’s courage, determination, and navigational skills. For many, however, the view of Columbus as hero has now been replaced by one of a man deeply flawed. (1451–1506). On the morning of October 12, 1492, Christopher Columbus stepped ashore on an island in what has since become known as the Americas.The Tainos inhabited several Caribbean island chains – the Bahamas, Virgin Islands, Greater Antilles (Cuba, Jamaica Hispaniola [modern Haiti and the Dominican Republic], and Puerto Rico). The Tainos had developed a highly complex society c. 500AD with vilages of at least 2,000 inhabitants, built around ball courts and public structures.Caribbean. 1 review. 4.0. 1 review. Dined 5 days ago. Overall 4; Food 5; Service 5; Ambience 3. Esperaba escuchar música española ambientando el area y solo ...Upgrade your home furniture at Importadora Espanola today! Visit us. Photo by ... Caribbean Cabinet. Follow. orquideanegrapr. Orquídea Negra. Follow. lo ...Digital Download9.99. In the Dominican Republic, syncretism between African traditions and Catholicism often manifests itself in songs and rituals. On this album "Sarandunga," a celebration that honors St. John the Baptist, offers an excellent example. Another selection, “Guay, guay, guay,” features melismatic singing and polyrhythmic ...Para obter ajuda ao planejar sua visita ao Walt Disney World Resort, ligue para (11) 4700-2835. Os menores de 18 anos devem ter permissão dos pais ou responsável para ligar. O Disney's Caribbean Beach Resort oferece 6 vilarejos temáticos de ilha, quartos com inspiração tropical, uma praia de areias brancas, 6 piscinas e a deliciosa ...A ilha de Guam, um pequeno ponto no inmenso Océano Pacífico, junta o exotismo natural, tradições milenarias e outros signos de identidade unicos, mas na recente Feira MITT de Moscovo sobresaiu por ser o unico territorio estadounidense presente na trascendental bolsa turistica da capital russa. Apesar dessa estranha circunstancia, Mark Manglana, o …Disclaimer: Information about specific Caribbean hotels including pricing and availability is subject to change at any time. Government taxes and fees may apply to hotel rates, and varies by country. A minimum stay and/or a damage deposit may be required for some hotels and/or timeshare properties, especially during the high season and holidays. On Christmas Day 1521, in the Spanish colony of Santo Domingo, the first recorded slave revolt in the Americas occurred. A group of African, likely Wolof, slaves came together with native Indians led by the Taíno cacique Enriquillo to assert their independence. Beyond being the first slave revolt in the Americas, it was also one of the most important …

Listen to Guitarra Española - Pasión Latina by Salvador Andrades on Apple Music. 2010. 15 Songs. Duration: 44 minutes.. Rap game season 1 cast

espanola caribbean

Duarte Peak in the Dominican Republic is the highest in the Caribbean at …Columbus sailed on his first voyage with three ships and about 100 men, landing in the Bahamas on an island whose identity remains uncertain. After exploring the Bahamas and Cuba, he reached the island he named La Isla Español (Hispaniola). When the Santa Maria became grounded, he ordered a small fort to be built with its salvaged lumber ...INFORM Risk Index 2024 is out. Get it now! INFORM is a multi-stakeholder forum for developing shared, quantitative analysis relevant to humanitarian crises and disasters. INFORM includes organisations from across the multilateral system, including the humanitarian and development sector, donors, and technical partners.African Historian, Robin Walker, describes Mansa Musa as one of the most colourful west african personalities in history. Mansa Musa completed Hajj, an Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca ( img ), with 60,000 men, caravans of gold and 12,000 slaves, 500 in front of each horse, each carrying a golden shaft which weighed 3kg.In 1980, Moore showed some of his artifacts to the foremost archaeologist of the Caribbean, Irving Rouse, a professor at Yale. "It was clear Clark was very focused, and once he had an idea, he ...1 reference. located in or next to body of water. Atlantic Ocean. 1 reference. located in/on physical feature. Caribbean. 0 references. coordinate location. 19°N, 71°W.Are you interested in planning a luxurious vacation this year but don’t know where to start? Look no further than Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines. Royal Caribbean offers a variety of ...Apr 17, 2023 ... Lewis (Eds.), Geologic and tectonic development of the North America-Caribbean plate boundary in Española, Geological Society of America Special ...The chiefdoms of Hispaniola ( cacicazgo in Spanish) were the primary political units …The chiefdoms of Hispaniola ( cacicazgo in Spanish) were the primary political units employed by the Taíno inhabitants of Hispaniola ( Taíno: Ayiti, Quisqueya, or Bohio) in the early historical era. At the time of European contact in 1492, the island was divided into five chiefdoms or cacicazgos, each headed by a cacique or paramount chief. It’s easy to see why Barcelona is the most-visited city in Spain. As the capital of the country’s Catalonia region, this cityscape’s cultural mosaic pieces together a 2,000-year-old hodgepodge of sun-drenched beaches, cutting edge architecture, and a world-renowned dining and drinking scene.Sep 29, 2023 ... Les changements les plus significatifs concernent Haïti et la République dominicaine, appelée Espanola, à l'apogée de la colonisation espagnole.Vocabulary. On October 12, 1492, Christopher Columbus—a skilled sailor searching for a western trade route on behalf of Spain—made landfall in the Bahamas. This marked the first known European contact with the Americas. The island upon which he landed was known by the indigenous Lucayan people as Guanahani, though he renamed it San Salvador.Are you planning your next vacation and considering a cruise with Royal Caribbean? With so many options to choose from, it can be overwhelming to decide which ship is the best fit ...developed through the process of “pacifying” and populating Española, ultimately shaping legal, social, religious, and economic colonial institutions. Just as many scholars jump over the formative years of the Spanish conquest in the Caribbean, they also assume that Indian slavery was a limited and short-lived practice withHispaniola, originally known as Española, is the second largest island in the West Indies, lying within the Greater Antilles. It is politically divided into the Republic of Haiti in the west and the Dominican Republic in the east.0 likes, 0 comments - xandercabaya on November 3, 2023: "#fbreels #fyp #caribbean"Apr 17, 2023 ... Lewis (Eds.), Geologic and tectonic development of the North America-Caribbean plate boundary in Española, Geological Society of America Special ....

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